e-book Referensi Pendidikan Berkualitas

Dalam mengarungi hidup yang penuh dengan tantangan dan rintangan ini, kita harus memiliki prinsip dan filosofi hidup yang positif dan senantiasa memberikan motivasi dan sugesti diri untuk menjadi pribadi yang unggul dan dapat bermanfaat bagi diri sendiri serta bagi orang lain.

Filosofi hidup yang senantiasa penulis pegang teguh sebagai motivasi dan sugesti positif adalah filosofi dari Keramik. Secara etimologi kata Keramik berasal dari bahasa Yunani keramikos yang artinya suatu bentuk dari tanah liat yang telah mengalami proses pembakaran.

Filosofi hidup yang dapat  dipetik dari filosofi keramik adalah sebagai sebuah proses hidup yang harus dijalani seseorang, untuk dapat menjadi pribadi yang jauh lebih bernilai dari sebelumnya.

Keramik dibuat dari tanah liat, pertanyaan saya: di mana tanah berada? di atas atau di bawah? Posisi tanah PASTI di bawah.

Perlakuan apa yang sering dialami oleh tanah? tanah sudah PASTI DIINJAK, DIGILAS, bahkan (maaf) DIKENCINGI.

Bagaimana agar tanah liat tersebut dapat memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi, lebih mulia dan lebih dihormati bagi yang memilikinya?

Tanah liat tersebut harus mau melewati proses panjang yang tidak mudah dan penuh dengan tantangan.  Tanah liat harus mau dibentuk dan dibakar dalam suhu yang sangat panas yakni sekitar 1000°C. Setelah dibentuk dan dibakar dalam suhu yang sangat panas, selanjutnya dilakukan polesan, pemberian motif dan warna dengan penuh cita rasa tinggi. Sehingga pada akhirnya tanah liat tersebut saat ini telah berubah menjadi sebuah Keramik yang memiliki nilai seni tinggi, berharga mahal, ditempatkan pada tempat yang layak, dihormati, dijaga dan dipuja.

Filosofi keramik ini adalah sebuah motivasi dan sugesti positif bagi diri kita, bahwa untuk dapat menjadi orang yang memiliki nilai atau derajat yang lebih tinggi, maka diperlukan adanya kerja keras dan kerja cerdas.

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Defining Management (Chapter 1 Part 1)

When I walk around in the library, I found the book from James F. Stoner. That book has a title “Management” published by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632 in years 1978.  The book has 24 chapter 683 pages including Name Index and Subject Index.

Alright now I invite you to discover the Chapter One about Managing and Managers. This chapter has 7 parts, let’s discusses one by one starting from Defining Management.

Like many areas of study that involve people, management is quit difficult to define. In fact we know that no definition of management has been universally accepted. But Stoner said that there was one popular definition is by Mary Parker Follett: Management, she says, is “the art of getting things done through people.” That is the keywords “Through the other people”. This definition calls attention to the fact that managers achieve their goals by arranging for others to perform whatever tasks may be necessary – not by performing the task by them self.

From that simply explanation we could know that Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the efforts of organizational members and the use of other organizational resources in order to achieve stated organizational goals.

Planning means that managers or leaders thinking their action through in advance.

Organizing means that managers or leaders do coordinate the human and material resources of the organization.

Leading means that managers or leaders direct and influence subordinates.

Controlling means that managers or leaders attempt to assure that the organization is moving toward its goals.

Finally my definition is that management involves achieving the organizations “stated goals”. This means that managers or leaders of any organization try to attain specific ends. This ends will, of course will vary and different with each organizations. Whatever the stated goals of a particular organization, management is the process by which the goals are achieved. It is exactly what done Mary Parker said about “Getting things done through people”.

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Gorge Udny Yule said:

“Measurement does not necessarily mean progress. Failing the possibility of measuring that which you desire, the lust for measurement may, for example, merely result in your measuring something else-and perhaps forgetting the difference- or in ignoring some things because they cannot be measured…”

We have said that descriptive statistics involves the arrangment and display of observed data, which are then summarize and analyzed by means of inferential statistics in order to reach some decision. The manner in which the data are described and the procedures followed for their analysis depend upon the decision-making goal and the nature of the data.

The weight of a sample of 40 statistic students in STIE DEWANTARA BOGOR is shown in table 1 below. If we wish to describe this sample, how should we proceed?

Table 1

_______________________________

Weight of 40 Statistic Students

in STIE DEWANTARA BOGOR

________________________________

78 72 74 79 74 71 75 74 72 68

72 73 72 74 75 74 73 74 65 72

66 75 80 69 82 73 74 72 79 71

70 75 71 70 70 70 75 76 77 67

_________________________________

These are the steps how to proceed that data to become Frequency Distribution.

1. Arrange the data

Table 2

_______________________________

Weight of 40 Statistic Students

in STIE DEWANTARA BOGOR

________________________________

65 66 67 68 69 70 70 70 70 71

71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 73 73

73 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 75 75

75 75 75 76 77 78 79 79 80 82

_________________________________

2. Range (R) = 82 – 65 = 17

3.  Sum of the class (k) =

k = 1 + 3,3 log n (Sturgess Way)

k = 1 + 3,3 log 40

= 1 + 5,3 = 6,3 = 6

4. Class interval (i) :

i = 17/6 = 2,83 = 3

Here is the results shown on the table 3 below:

Table 3

Frequency Distributions

Weight of 40 Statistic Students

in STIE DEWANTARA BOGOR

____________________________________

Weight (Kg)                       Frequency

———————————————————–

65 – 67                                      3

68 – 70                                      6

71 – 73                                      12

74 – 76                                      13

77 – 79                                      4

80 – 82                                      2

——————————————————

TOTAL                                     40

__________________________________

Hopefully this article can be useful to helps you studying Statistics…

See you next time…

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